Define | Etiology | Risk Factor | Pathophysiology | Sign and Symptoms | Diagnostic Evaluation | Early Management | Late Management | Nursing Management |
Myocardial Infarction or Heart Attack
*What is the definition of myocardial infarction?
Define:-
M.I. is defined as Damage or Death of myocardial muscle due to Abrupt blood flow to the Heart. the blockage may be caused by the formation of thrombus in the coronary artery, a sudden progression of atherosclerosis, prolong narrowing of arteries.
*What is the Etiology of myocardial infarction?
Etiology:-
- atherosclerosis
- arteries prolong narrowing
- thrombus
- Agonist
*What are the risk factors of myocardial infarction?
Risk factors:-
- genetic cardiac disorder
- smoking
- alcohol consumption
- diet – like high cholesterol, high fat
- activity – low physical exercise
*Explain the pathophysiology or what is the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction?
Pathophysiology:-
- due to etiological factor
- myocardial ischemia
- decrease myocardial oxygen supply
- increase cellular hypoxia
- decrease myocardial contractility
- decrease arterial pressure
- stimulation of baroreceptor and chemo-receptor sympathetic response
- increase myocardial contractility
- increase heart rate
- increase myocardial oxygen demand further myocardial ischemia
- necrosis of myocardial cells
- myocardial infarction or Heart Attack
*what are the clinical manifestation of myocardial infarction?
Clinical Manifestation:-
- severe chest pain(more than angina pectoris )
- pain may radiant to the chest, shoulder, neck, jaw, back
- nausea
- unexplained anxiety
- dizziness
- dyspnoea
- sweating
*Write the diagnostic evaluation of myocardial infarction?
Diagnostic Evaluation:-
ECG (elevated S & T segment)
laboratory test: serum creatinine kinase, myoglobin, cardiac troponin, ESR, (all level is increased)
*Write the complete management of myocardial infarction?
Early management:-
- morphine sulfate
- Anti-hematic: Domperidone, Alizapride
- Acute de perfusion therapy
- Primary percutaneous coronary intervention
- Maintaining vessel potassium
- Adjunctive therapy
late management:-
- lifestyle modification: Diet control, stop smoking, regular exercise
- Secondary prevention: Anti-platelets, beta-blocker
Nursing management:-
The probable nursing diagnosis will be :
- pain related to an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand.
- Anxiety-related to chest pain, fear of death, threatening environment.
- Decrease cardiac output related to impaired contractility.
- Activity intolerance related to insufficient oxygenation to perform ADL and deconditioning effect of bed-rest.
- The risk for injury related to the dissolution of the protective clot.
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