Define | Etiology | Risk Factor | Pathophysiology | Sign and Symptoms | Diagnostic Evaluation | Early Management | Late Management | Nursing Management |

Myocardial Infarction or Heart Attack

*What is the definition of myocardial infarction?

Define:-

M.I. is defined as Damage or Death of myocardial muscle due to Abrupt blood flow to the Heart. the blockage may be caused by the formation of thrombus in the coronary artery, a sudden progression of atherosclerosis, prolong narrowing of arteries.

*What is the Etiology of myocardial infarction?

Etiology:-

• atherosclerosis
• arteries prolong narrowing
• thrombus
• Agonist

*What are the risk factors of myocardial infarction?

Risk factors:-

• genetic cardiac disorder
• smoking
• alcohol consumption
• diet – like high cholesterol, high fat
• activity – low physical exercise

*Explain the pathophysiology or what is the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction?

Pathophysiology:-

• due to etiological factor
• myocardial ischemia
• decrease myocardial oxygen supply
• increase cellular hypoxia
• decrease myocardial contractility
• decrease arterial pressure
• stimulation of baroreceptor and chemo-receptor sympathetic response
• increase myocardial contractility
• increase heart rate
• increase myocardial oxygen demand further myocardial ischemia
• necrosis of myocardial cells
• myocardial infarction or Heart Attack

*what are the clinical manifestation of myocardial infarction?

Clinical Manifestation:-

• severe chest pain(more than angina pectoris )
• pain may radiant to the chest, shoulder, neck, jaw, back
• nausea
• unexplained anxiety
• dizziness
• dyspnoea
• sweating

*Write the diagnostic evaluation of myocardial infarction?

Diagnostic Evaluation:-

ECG (elevated S & T segment)

laboratory test: serum creatinine kinase, myoglobin, cardiac troponin, ESR, (all level is increased)

*Write the complete management of myocardial infarction?

Early management:-

• morphine sulfate
• Anti-hematic: Domperidone, Alizapride
• Acute de perfusion therapy
• Primary percutaneous coronary intervention
• Maintaining vessel potassium
• Adjunctive therapy

late management:-

• lifestyle modification: Diet control, stop smoking, regular exercise
• Secondary prevention: Anti-platelets, beta-blocker

Nursing management:-

The probable nursing diagnosis will be :

• pain related to an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand.
• Anxiety-related to chest pain, fear of death, threatening environment.
• Decrease cardiac output related to impaired contractility.
• Activity intolerance related to insufficient oxygenation to perform ADL and deconditioning effect of bed-rest.
• The risk for injury related to the dissolution of the protective clot.

Related Post:-

Coronary Heart Disease

Angina Pectoris

Raynaud’s Disease